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\pagebreak
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{\huge \textbf{What is a Commons?}}
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Table 3.1. Design principles illustrated by long-enduring CPR institutions
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\textbf{Governing the Commons by Ellinor Ostrum Table 3.1}
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1. Clearly defined boundaries
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Design principles illustrated by long-enduring CPR institutions
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\textbf{1. Clearly defined boundaries}
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Individuals or households who have rights co withdraw resource units from the CPR must be clearly defined, as must the boundaries of the CPR itself.
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2. Congruence between appropriation and provision rules and local conditions Appropriation rules restricting time, place, technology, and/or quantity of resource units are related to local conditions and co provision rules requiring labor, material, and/or money.
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\textbf{2. Congruence between appropriation and provision rules and local conditions}
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3. Collective-choice arrangements
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Appropriation rules restricting time, place, technology, and/or quantity of resource units are related to local conditions and co provision rules requiring labor, material, and/or money.
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\textbf{3. Collective-choice arrangements}
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Most individuals affected by the operational rules can participate in modifying the operational rules.
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4. Monitoring
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\textbf{4. Monitoring}
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Monitors, who actively audit CPR conditions and appropriator behavior, are accountable to the appropriators or are the appropriators.
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5. Graduated sanctions
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\textbf{5. Graduated sanctions}
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Appropriators who violate operational rules arc likely to be assessed graduated sanctions (depending on the seriousness and context of the offense) by other appropriators, by officials accountable to these appropriators, or by both.
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6. Conflict-resolution mechanisms
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\textbf{6. Conflict-resolution mechanisms}
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Appropriators and their officials have rapid access to low-cost local arenas to resolve conflicts among appropriators or between appropriators and officials.
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7. Minimal recognition of rights to organize
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\textbf{7. Minimal recognition of rights to organize}
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The rights of appropriators to devise their own institutions arc not challenged by external governmental authorities.
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For CPRs that are parts of larger systems:
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8. Nested enterprises
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\textbf{8. Nested enterprises}
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Appropriation, provision, monitoring, enforcement, conflict resolution, and governance activities are organized in multiple layers of nested enterprises.
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@ -107,8 +112,8 @@ Appropriation, provision, monitoring, enforcement, conflict resolution, and gove
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\pagebreak
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{\huge \textbf{What is a Consensus?}}
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everyone should be able to weigh in equally on a decision, and no one should be bound by a decision they detest."
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this boils doin in practice to: Everyone who feels they have something relevant to say about a proposal ought to have their perspectives carefully considered.
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Consensus is a process where everyone should be able to weigh in equally on a decision, and no one should be bound by a decision they detest."
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this boils doing in practice to: Everyone who feels they have something relevant to say about a proposal ought to have their perspectives carefully considered.
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Everyone who has strong concerns or objections should have those concerns or objections taken into account and, if possible, addressed in the final form of the proposal.
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